Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA) Practice Exam

What causes of hypokalaemia are summarized by the acronym DIRE?

1. Drugs, Inadequate intake, Renal Tubular Necrosis, Endocrine

2. Diuretics, Intoxication, Renal issues, Endocrine

3. Diet, Intake, Renal failure, Endocrine

4. Drugs, Infections, Renal failure, Electrolyte disturbances

The correct answer is: Drugs, Inadequate intake, Renal Tubular Necrosis, Endocrine

The acronym DIRE effectively summarizes key causes of hypokalaemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood. Each component of the acronym corresponds to common etiological factors in clinical practice: - **Drugs**: Certain medications, particularly diuretics, can lead to potassium loss. Loop and thiazide diuretics are well known for causing hypokalaemia due to increased renal excretion of potassium. - **Inadequate intake**: A diet lacking sufficient potassium can contribute to low serum potassium levels. This can occur in individuals with poor nutrition or those on restrictive diets. - **Renal Tubular Necrosis**: This condition can result in impaired kidney function, affecting the renal handling of potassium and leading to its loss. - **Endocrine**: Disorders such as hyperaldosteronism can stimulate the kidneys to excrete more potassium, resulting in hypokalaemia. This framework helps healthcare professionals quickly remember these primary causes and is crucial for both diagnosing and managing patients who present with low potassium levels. Understanding these causes ensures that appropriate treatment strategies are formulated to address the underlying issues.